UC-NRLF 


LO 

,O 


SUPPLEMENTARY  DISCOVERIES 

SHOWING   ARYO-SEMITIC  COGNATION 


BY 


LLISON    EMERY  [DRAKE,  So.  M,,  M.  D.,  PH.  D. 

tOFESSOR    OF   GREEK  AND   INSTRUCTOR    IN    SANSKRIT    AND    HEBREW 
IN    WESTMINSTER   COLLEGE  J   SOMETIME    UNIVERSITY    FELLOW 
IN  ANGLO-SAXON  IN  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 


Denver 

THE  HERRICK  BOOK  &  STATIONERY  COMPANY 

Xonfcon 

KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRUBNER  &  COMPANY,  LTD. 


1910 


TRANSLITERATED     ALPHABETS 

HEBREW  (AND  ARAMAIC) 

l.h  2.b,b*  3.g,g«  4.d,d2  5.h'  6.v,(u,  w)  7.  z  8.  h»  9.t  lO.y  ll.k,k» 
12.1  13.m  14.n  15.s  16.h*  17.p,p2  18.z2  19.q  20.r  21.s*  22.s»  23.t2,t» 

ARABIC 

l.h  2.b  3.t  4.t2  5.g  6.h2  7.h3  8.d  9.d2  lO.r  ll.z  12.s  13.s2  14.s3  15.d» 
16.t»  17.z'  18.h4  19.g2  20.f  21.q  22.k  23.1  24.ra  25.n  26.h*,h«  27. w  28.y 

SANSKRIT 

l.a  2.as  3.i  4.i*  5.u  6.u*  7.r  S.r2  9.1  10.12  ll.e  12.ai  13.o  14.au  15. h  16.n,m 
17.k  18.k2  19.g  20.g2  21.n»  22.c  23. c2  24.g3  25.g4  26.n»  27. t  28.t2  29.d 
30.d»  31.n«  32.ts  33.t4  34.d5  35.d4  36.n*  37. p  38.p2  39.b  40.b2  41. m2  42.y 
43.r»  44.13  45.v  46.c3  47.s  48.s2  49.h2 


A    VERY    SIGNIFICANT    LESSON 

1.  Although  Hebrew  and  Arabic  are  twin  tongues  as  it  were,  yet  (see  Table  II., 
section  A.)  H.h3  corresponds  sometimes  to  Ar.  h2,  sometimes  to  Ar.  h3;  H.  h4  corre- 
sponds sometimes  to  Ar.  h4,  sometimes  to  Ar.  g2;  H.  z  corresponds  sometimes  to 
Ar.z,  sometimes  to  Ar.  d2;  H.z2  corresponds  sometimes  to  Ar.s3,  sometimes  to  Ar.d3, 
sometimes  to  Ar.zJ;   etc.,  etc.     Furthermore,  Hebrew  has  not  the  f-sound  initial 
but  has  the  p-sound  instead  while  Arabic  has  not  the  p-sound  at  all  but  has  the 
f-sound  initial  as  well  as  medial  and  final  (see  section  v.). 

2.  Note  the  consonantal  changes  exhibited  by  these  Anglo-Saxon  forms  (-h- 
and  -h  being  guttural  or  palatal):  seon  (Gothic  saihwan),  to  see;  seah,  (he)  saw; 
saegon  or  sawon,  (they)  saw;  slean  (Gothic  slahan),  to  strike;  sloh  or  slog,  (he) 
struck;   slogon,   (they)   struck;   secan,  to  seek;   sohte,   (he)   sought;  hweogul  or 
hweowol  or  hweohl  or  hweol,  wheel  (Dutch  wiel)  (see  entries  519,  775,  784). 

3.  Note  that,  in  Latin,  "The  difference  [in  pronunciation]  between  c,  K,  and   Q 
is  represented  by  Quintilian  as  almost  nil"  (John  Wordsworth);  and  that,  in  Latin, 
"c  was  used  indiscriminately  for  both  the  sharp  and  [the]  flat  guttural  mute  [cand 
G],  till  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century  u.  c."   (Henry  John   Roby)  (see  section 
iv.). 


N.  B.  In  these  pages,  references  to  numeral  sections  are  references  to  divisions 
of  the  "'Summary  Exposition"  in  the  volume  to  which  this  brochure  is  a  supple- 
ment; also,  H.  =  Hebrew,  A.  =  Aramaic,  Ar.  =  Arabic,  G.=  Gaelic,  Go.  =  Gothic, 
A.-S.  =  Anglo-Saxon,  L.  =  Latin,  Gr.  =  Greek,  S.  =  Sanskrit. 


COPYRIGHT,  1910,  BY  ALLISON  EMERY  DRAKE 


ALL    RIGHTS     RESERVED 


3)1 

JUJiJrio 


.; 


IN     BRIEF 

In  Aryan  derivatives, 

i.  Radical  gutturals  (h,  hz,  h3,  h4)  may  remain  guttural  or  be  lost  or  be  strength- 
ened to  palatals  (g,  k,  q),  radical  palatals  may  be  resolved  one  into  another  or  be 
weakened  to  h,  and  a  radical  guttural  or  palatal  may  become  (h)w  (see  sections 
in.  and  iv.). 

ii.  Radical  V,  y  are  usually  lost  (see  section  v.). 

iii.  Radical  liquids  (especially  1,  m,  n)  when  final  are  often  lost;  and  radical  n 
initial  is  usually  lost  (see  section  VH.). 

iv.  Radical  z,  z2  usually  become  st  (see  section  vni.). 

v.  Radical  s,  s2,  s3  final  are  sometimes  lost  (see  section  x.). 

vi.  Three  consonants  forming  a  root  are  seldom  all  preserved  unless  two  of  them 
may  be  made  to  coalesce  (see  section  x.). 

vii.  The  aspiration  of  consonants  and  the  quality  and  length  of  vowels  are  to  be 
neglected. 

In  Hebrew, 

viii.  Radical  h,  h2  are  often  lost.     When  final  they  are  regularly  quiescent. 

ix.  Radical  v  is  often  replaced  by  y.  Each  of  these  consonants  is  often  intrusive 
in  roots  really  biconsonantal  and  merely  effects  a  ' 'strengthening  [of]  the  vocalic 
element"  (see  section  v.). 

x.  Radical  n  is  often  lost,  especially  when  initial.  Note  that  Hebrew  Iat2et2 
(1-  being  prepositional  and  -t2  being  suffixal),  to  give,  is  made  from  the  ground-form 
nat2an,  he  gave. 


TO  ILLUSTRATE 

Inspect,  for  example,  entry  s414p.  The  s  means  "supplementary"  and  the  p 
means  the  "first  intercalation"  and  "not  in  the  book"  (but  see  entry  652p.).  The 
ma-  in  maL(E)QOUS3  is  a  prefix  as^is  indicated^by  its  being  in  lower-case  type  (roman) 
instead  of  small-capital  (or  italic).  The  change  of  radical  L-  to  R-  in  Go.  man,  etc., 
requires  no  comment  (but  see  section  vn.).  The  change  of  radical  -Q-  to  -G-  re- 
quires no  comment  (but  see  section  iv.).  The  loss  of  radical  -s3  needs  corroborating 
parallels,  and  other  examples  are  consequently  cited.  The  -n  in  Go.  Rion  is  a  suffix 
and  is  accordingly  lower-case  (see  section  x.). 

Again,  inspect  entry  s478.  The  s  means  "supplementary."  As  this  root  is 
entered  in  the  book  and,  besides,  is  not  intercalated,  no  letter  denoting  intercalation, 
etc.,  is  suffixed  to  the  number.  The  -ah2  of  N(E)QEBah2  is  a  suffix  and  is  accordingly 
printed  in  lower-case.  The  loss  of  radical  N-  is  not  unusual  and  requires  no  com- 
ment (but  see  section  vu.).  The  change  of  radical  -Q-  to  w-  in  A.-S.  WIF  is  not 
unusual  (compare  English  "guard"  and  "ward")  and  needs  no  comment  (but  see 
section  iv.).  The  change  of  radical  -B  to  -F  needs  no  comment  (but  see  section  v.). 


M331711 


s52p.  (Root,  H-S-M,-N). 

s52pa.  H.  .HASAM,  storehouse,  granary;  [(Gesenius  cites)]  A.  HASAN, 
to  heap  up,  lay  up;  mss(E)Nayyah,  storehouse. 

s52pb.  A.-S.  aeRN,  house;  a  place  for  storing  [(Skeat)];  beRN,  barley- 
place,  barn. 

s52pn.  On  the  change  of  s  to  r  in  Aryan  languages,  see  section  ix. 

S81p.    (Root,  H-T2-R). 

sSlpa.  A.  B2aHT2AR,  after;  [(Gesenius  cites,  without  defining,)]  Ar. 
HiT2Run,  footstep  [(Brown,  Driver,  and  Briggs)]. 

sSlpb.  Go.  aFTRa  (aFTa),  backwards,  behind;  A.-S.  aeFTER,  after; 
aeFT,  behind,  aft. 

sSlpn.  Note  that  all  the  words  here  cited  (except  Ar.  HiT2Run)  are 
compounds  (see  entry  78).  On  the  loss  of  radical  -R  from  Go.  aFTa, 
etc.,  see  section  vn. 

s88p.  (Root,  B-H'-N). 

s88pa.  H.  .B'AH'AN,  to  try,  test  (metals  with  fire). 
s88pb.  A.-S.  BAcan,  to  bake;  Gr.  PHO2GO2,  to  parch,  roast;  S.  PAC, 
to  boil,  roast,  bake;  L.  FOCUS,  fire-place. 

s92.  (?Root,  B-V-T*  or  B-N-H*). 

s92a.  H.  B'AYIT*,  house. 
s92b.  G.  BATa,  boat;  A.-S.  BAT,  boat. 

s92n.  See  also  entry  s454p.  Etymologists  have  not  considered 
English  booth  and  boat  cognate. 

S95.    (Root,  B-L-H2). 

s95a.  H.  .B'ALAH*,  to  be  old,  worn  out. 
s95b.  Go.  BLinds,  Wind;  A.-S.  BLind,  blind. 

s95p.  (Root,  B-L-L). 

s95pa.  H.  B'ALAL,  to  mix,  mingle. 

s95pb.  Go.  BLandan,  to  mix,  mingle;  A.-S.  BLandan,  to  mix,  blend. 

slOTp.  (Root,   B-Q-s3). 

slOTpa.  H.  *B»AQAS»,  to  seek,  ask,  request,  demand. 

slOTpb.  English  BEG,  to  ask  earnestly  for. 

slOTpn.  The  history  of  English  BEG  is  obscure.  For  the  loss  of  radical 
-s3,  see  section  x.  and  entries  305,  653,  s279p.,  s414p.,  s705p.,  s705q., 
s772p. 

s!49p.  (Root,  G-R-P). 

s!49pa.  H.  .G2ARAP,  to  sweep  away  (originally,  to  shovel  or  scoop  up, 
away). 

s!49pb.  Go.  WAiRpan,  to  cast,  throw;  A.-S.  WEORPan,  to  cast,  fling, 
throw. 

slGOp.  (Root,  D-L-P). 

s!60pa.  H.  .D'ALAP,  to  drip,  drop. 
s!60pb/A.-S.  DREOPan,  to  drop. 


Sl7lp.    (Root,  H2-G-H2). 

s!71pa.  H.  H*AGAH?,  to  groan,  mutter;  to  utter,  speak. 

s!71pb.  G,  eiGH,  to  cry,  shout;  L.  voco,  to  call;  vox,  voice;  S.  VAC, 
to  say,  speak;  Gr.  iacno2,  to  cry,  shout. 

s!71pn.     The  Aryan  words  here  cited  were  placed  in  entry  142  in 
query. 

s!97.  (Root,  Z-L-L). 

s!97a.  H.  .ZALAL,  to  be  vile,  worthless. 

s!97b.  English  STALO,  having  lost  life,  spirit,  and  flavor,  from  being 
kept. 

s200p.  (Root,  Z-M-R). 

s200pa.  H.  *ZAMAR,  to  sing. 
s200pb.  A.-S.  STAMER,  stammering. 

s229.  (Root,  H»-z-H2). 

s229a.  H.  H*AZAH«,  to  see. 

s229b.  Gr.  ai'sTOo8,  to  make  unseen. 

s238p.  (Root,  H»-V-L). 

s238pa.  H.  H'EYL  (H'EL),  outwork,  rampart. 

s238pb.  A.-S.  WEAL,  rampart,  wall;  L.  VALLum,  rampart,  wall. 

s252p.  (Root,  HS-M-H2). 

s252pa.  H.  .HSAM,  husband's  father. 

s252pb.  Gr.  GAMeo8,  to  marry;  to  give  in  marriage. 

s260.  (Root,  H»-N-N). 

s260a.  H.  H'ANAN,  to  be  gracious;  to  implore,  entreat;  HJEN,  grace, 
favor,  kindness. 

s260b.  Go.  unwuNands,  sad;  A.-S.  WYN,  delight,  delightfulness; 
WYNSum,  agreeable,  winsome;  L.  VENia,  favor,  grace,  kindness,  indul- 
gence, pardon;  S.  VANS,  to  hold  dear;  to  desire,  seek,  beseech;  to  honor, 
worship. 

s263p.  (Root,  H'-p-H2). 

s263pa.  H.  .H'APAH*,  to  cover  (the  head,  in  token  of  grief). 

s263pb.  A.-S.  CAEPPe,  hood,  cape,  cap. 

s263q.  (Root,  H'-P-Z). 

s263qa.  H.  .H'APAZ,  to  hurry,  flee  in  haste. 
s263qb.  English  FAST,  swift,  quick,  rapid. 

s269.  (Root,  H»-z2-B). 

s269a.  H.  H3AZ2EB,  to  hew  (stone,  wood);  to  be  graven  (on  stone). 
s269b.  Go.  STAFS,  element;  A.-S.  STAEF,  staff;  letter. 

s271.  (Root,  H3-z*-z*). 

s271a.  H.  H'EZ2,  arrow. 
s271b.  Gr.  OISTOS,  arrow. 


s274p.  (Root,  HS-R-H). 
s274pa.  H.  .H'EREH,  dung. 
s274pb.  A.-S.  GOR,  dung. 

s274pn.  This  entry  removes  A.-S.  GOR  from  entry  145,where  I  placed 
it  mainly  because  etymologists  consider  the  word  cognate  with  Icelandic 
gor,  cud. 

s275p.  (Root,  HS-R-B). 

s275pa.  H.  .H'AREB,  to  be  dry,  dried  up. 

s275pb.  English  WARP,  to  be  twisted  out  of  proper  shape,  as  a  board 
in  seasoning. 

s279p.  (Root,  H3-R-s). 

s279pa.  H.  H'ERES,  sun. 
s279pb.  Gr.  HE2Lios,  sun. 

s279pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -s  from  Gr.  HE2Lios,  see  section  x.  and 
entries  305,  653,  s!07p.,  s414p.,  s705p.,  s705q.,  s772p. 

s303p.  (Root,  T-H<-M). 

s303pa.  H.  TAH<AM,  to  taste;  to  perceive;  TAH«AM,  taste,  flavor  (of  food). 

s303pb.  Go.  TUgGO,  tongue-,  A.-S.  Tunce,  tongue;  L.  Lincua  (Dincua), 
tongue;  LiGula,  a  little  tongue. 

s303pn.  The  occurrence  of  L-  for  D-  in  L.  Linoua  and  L.  LiGula  is 
not  without  parallel  (see  entry  298),  L.  Ulysses  (Gr.  Odysseus)  affording 
a  well-known  example. 

s303q.  (Root,  T-H'-N). 

s303qa.  H.  *TAH*AN,  to  pierce,  thrust  through  (with  the  sword). 
s303qb.  A.-S.  TiNd,  tooth,  prong,  tine. 

s303r.  (Root,  T-H*-N). 

s303ra.  H.  .TAH4AN,  to  load  (beasts). 
s303rb.  English  TON,  2000  (2240)  pounds. 

s315.  (Root,  Y-D-H«). 

s315a.  H.  YADAH*,  to  know;  to  teach;  D'AH'AT*,  knowledge,  opinion. 
s315b.  Go.  THAgKJan,  to  think;  A.-S.  THEncan,  to  think;  THAUC,  thought; 
thanks. 

s315n.     Etymologists  do  not  consider  English  think  and  teach  cognate. 

s327p.  (Root,  Y-z'-H4). 

s327pa.  H.  *YAZ«AH4,  to  spread  (a  bed);  .YAZZW(A)H*,  couch,  bed. 
s327pb.  A.-S.  STIGO,  sty. 

s327q.  (Root,  Y-ZS-Q). 

s327qa.  H.  YAZ2AQ,  to  pour  out  (water). 

s327qb.  L.  exsTincuo  (sTincuo),  to  quench,  extinguish  (fire). 

s327r.  (Root,  Y-Z«-T»). 

s327ra.  H.  .YAZ*AT2,  to  burn;  to  set  on  fire,  kindle. 
s327rb.  English  STiTHy,  forge,  smithy. 


s327s.  (Root,  Y-Q-D). 

s327sa.  H.  .YAQAD,  to  take  fire,  be  kindled,  burn. 
s327sb.  L.  CAnceo,  to  glow;  acCEnDo,  to  set  on  fire,  kindle;  CAnDela, 
taper,  candle. 

s332p.  (Root,  Y-R-K). 

s332pa.  H.  YAREK(C),  thigh. 
s332pb.  Icelandic  LEGGr,  leg. 

s344.  (Root,  K-H2-H2). 

s344a.  H.  .K*AH2AH2,  to  be  weak;  K2EH»AH2,  alleviation,  mitigation 
(of  a  wound). 

s344b.  Gr.  axe2,  healing. 

s344n.  Etymologists  have  not  considered  Gr.  axe2  cognate  with 
either  English  weak  or  English  wick. 

s348p.  (Root,  K-H3-H3). 

s348pa.  H.  K2o(A)ii3,  strength,  power,  ability. 
s348pb.  S.  C'AK,  to  be  strong;  to  be  able. 

s364.  (Root,  K-HHS). 

s364a.  H.  K2AH4AS,  to  be  angry,  vexed;  to  irritate,  provoke,  vex. 
s364b.  L.  VEXO,  to  harass,  torment,  vex. 

s373p.  (?Root,  K-s2-B,  K-B-s2,  [*SZ-K-B]). 

s373pa.  H.  K2ES2EB  (K2EBES2),  lamb. 

s373pb.  A.-S.  SCEAP,  sheep. 

s373pn.  Note  the  transposition  of  consonants  in  one  or  other  of  the 
H.  forms  or  in  both.  Is  A.-S.  SCEAP  an  instance  of  consonantal  trans- 
position or  does  it  represent  the  real  root? 

s374p.  (Root,  K-s3-p). 

s374pa.  H.  *K2AS3AP,  to  practice  sorcery;  m(e)KAS3s3EP,  wizard,  magi- 
cian. 

s374pb.  L.  SApio,  to  be  wise;  Gr.  SOPHOS,  wise. 

s374pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  K-  from  the  Aryan  words  here  cited, 
see  entries  350,361,  367,  375,  s374q.,  s374r.,  s375p.;  also  L.  lupus,  in 
entry  352. 

s374q.  (Root,  K-TZ-B). 

s374qa.  H.  K2AT2AB,  to  engrave,  inscribe,  write. 

s374qb.  Gr.  THAPto2,  to  bury;  TAPHOS,  grave,  tomb. 

s374qn.  Note  the  loss  of  radical  K-  from  the  Gr.  words  here  cited 
and  see  entries  350.  361,  367,  375,  s374p.,  s374r.,  s375p.;  also  L.  lupus, 
in  entry  352.  Note,  furthermore,  the  relation  between  English  "grave" 
and  "engrave." 


s374r.  (Root,  K-T*-N). 

s374ra.  H.  K2(E)T*ONetJ,  coat,  tunic. 

s374rb.  G.  COTE,  coat;  L.  Tunica,  shirt,  tunic;  Gr.  CHITO'N,  tunic,  frock, 
coat. 

s374rn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  K-  from  L.  TUNica,  see  entries  350, 
361,  367,  375,  s374p.,  s374q.,  s375p.;  also  L.  lupus,  in  entry  352.  Ety- 
mologists have  not  considered  cognate  the  Aryan  words  here  cited. 

s375p.  (Roots,  K-T'-R,  H*-T-R). 

s375pa.  H.  *K»AT»AR,  to  surround;  K'ET'ER,  crown,  diadem;  .H«ATAR, 
to  surround;  H'ATARah8,  wreath,  crown. 

s375pb.  English  TIRC,  hoop,  band  (of  a  wheel);  head-dress;  Gr.  TiARa, 
tiara,. 

s375pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  K-  from  English  TIRO,  etc.,  see  entries 
350,  361,  367,  375,  s374p.,  s374q.,  s374r.;  also  L.  lupus,  in  entry  352. 

s395p.  (Root,  M-H-H1). 

s395pa.  H.  MEHAH*,  hundred. 
s395pb.  Gr.  Mia,  one. 

s395pn.  I  conjecture  that  H.  MEHAH'  means  literally  "first  (count)'' 
(see  entries  26  and  42,  and  section  xvn.). 

s414p.  (Root,  L-Q-S'). 

s414pa.  H.  maL(E)QOUS3,  the  spring  rain. 

s414pb.  Go.  Ricn,  rain;  A.-S.  REGn,  rain;  L.  RIGO,  to  water. 

s414pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -s«  from  the  Aryan  words  here  cited, 
see  section  x.  and  entries  305,  653,  s!07p.,  s279p.,  s705p.,  s705q., 
s772p. 

s454p.  (Root,  N-V-H*). 

s454pa.  H.  NAVEH*,  habitation,  dwelling,  home. 

s454pb.  L.  NAVIS,  ship;  S.  N5AU,  ship;  A.-S.  Naca,  boat,  ship. 

s454pn.     See  also  entry  s92. 

s458p.  (Root,  N-Z-L). 

s458pa.  H.  .NAZAL,  to  flow,  trickle,  drop,  distil. 
s458pb.  L.  STILLO,  to  distil,  fall  in  drops. 

s459p.  (Root,  N-H'-L). 

s459pa.  H.  NAH'AL,  stream,  valley. 
s459pb.  L.  VALLis,  vale,  valley. 

s465.  (Root,  N-K-H2). 

s465a.  H.  *NAKAH%  to  smite  in  pieces;  to  slay,  kill. 
s465b.  L.  ico,  to  strike,  smite. 


S470p.  (Root,  N-H4-R). 

s470pa.  H.  NAHUR,  infant,  child;  NOH*AR,  early  life,  youth. 

s470pb.  Gr.  NEAROS,  young,  youthful;  fresh,  recent,  new;  NCOS,  young, 
youthful;  fresh,  new;  Go.  Niujis,  new;  A.-S.  Niwe,  new;  L.  NOVUS,  not  old, 
young;  fresh,  recent,  new;  S.  N4Ava,  young;  fresh,  recent,  new;  G.  Nuadh, 
fresh,  new;  Naoidhean,  babe,  infant. 

s470pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -R  from  all  the  Aryan  words  here  cited 
except  Gr.  NEAROS,  see  section  vn.  The  loss  from  G.  words  is  unusual, 
but  see  entry  106. 

s478.  (Root,  N-Q-B). 

s478a.  H.  N(E)QEBah«,  female. 
s478b.  A.-S.  WIF,  woman,  wife. 

s478n.  This  supplementary  entry  cancels  entry  124,  which  was  made 
not  without  a  feeling  of  uncertainty. 

s486.  (Root,  N-S»-L). 

s486a.  H.  NAS'AL,  to  pull  off  (a  sandal). 
s486b.  Gr.  suLao2,  to  strip  off  (arms). 

s486n.  Etymologists  have  not  considered  Gr.  suLao1  cognate  with 
L.  exsuL. 

s495p.  (Root,  s-v-T2). 

s495pa.  H.  *SWTZ,  to  urge,  incite;  to  entice  away  (from  a  person  or 
place;  to  move  one  to  depart,  move  one  to  leave  one);  to  drive  forth, 
expel. 

s495pb.  Go.  SAiiDJan,  to  send;  A.-S.  SEnoan,  to  send;' SITU,  journeying, 
journey,  expedition. 

s495q.  (Root,  S-HS-B). 

s495qa.  H.  .SAH'AB,  to  drag,  pull  about;  to  pull  (or)  tear  in  pieces; 
.s(E)HsABah2,  rag,  clout. 
s495qb.  A.-S.^sciP,  patch,  clout;  ship;  Go.  SKIP,  boat,  ship. 

s513p.  (Root,  H«-B-H*). 

s513pa.  H.  H4ABAH2,  to' be  fat,  thick,  large,  heavy. 
s513pb.  A.-S.  HEFig,  weighty,  heavy. 

s520p.  (Root,  HHD-H'). 

s520pa.  H.  H«ADAH*,  to  adorn  one's  self,  deck  one's  self. 
s520pb.  A.-S.  WAED,  garment,  clothing,  dress,  weed. 

s530p.  (Root,  H4-z-B). 

s530pa.  H.  HUZAB,  to  leave,  forsake,  abandon  (land,  city,  house); 
H4AZWBah»,  desolation;  rubbish,  ruins. 

s530pb.  A.-S.  WESTe,  uncultivated  and  uninhabited,  waste;  deserted, 
desolate;  L.  VASTO,  to  lay  waste,  devastate. 

s530pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -B  from  the  Aryan  words  here  cited, 
see  section  x. 


s539.  (Root,  H4-K-R). 

s539a.  H.  H*AKAR,  to  trouble,  disturb,  afflict;  to  be  troubled. 
s539b.  Go.  HUHRUS,  hunger;  A.-S.  HuncoR,  hunger. 
s539n.     Etymologists  have  not  considered  English  care  and  hunger 
cognate. 

s539p.  (Root,  H4-L-H«). 


s539pa.  H.  H4ALEH%  leaf, 
s539pb.  L.  FOLium,  leaf. 
s539pn.    On  the  change  of  radical  H4-  to  L.  F-,  see  section  in.  and  entries 
254,  543,  s540p.,  s551p. 

s540p.  (Root,  H*-L-M). 

s540pa.  H.  H4ELEM,  a  young  man. 
s540pb.  L.  FILUIS,  son. 

s540pn.  On  the  change  of  radical  H4-  to  L.  F-,  see  section  in.  and 
entries  254,  543,  s539p.,  s551p. 

s543p.  (Root,  H^M-M). 

s543pa.  H.  H4iM,  with. 
s543pb.  L.  CUM,  with. 

S551p.   (Root,  H4-N-N). 

s551pa.  H.  *H4ANAN,  to  divine,  use  auguries,  practice  sooth-saying. 
s551pb.  L.  FANum,  sanctuary,  temple. 

s551pn.  On  the  change  of  radical  H4-  to  L.  F-,  see  section  in.  and 
entries  254,  543,  s539p.,  s540p. 

s557p.  (Root,  H4-Q-B). 

s557pa.  H.  H4AQEB,  heel. 
s557pb.  A.-S.  HOH,  ^eel. 

s557pn.  Etymologists  think  English  heel  probably  descended  from 
an  unrecorded  diminutive  of  A.-S.  HOH. 

On  the  loss  of  radical  -B  from  A.-S.  HOH,  etc.,  see  section  x. 

s558p.  (Root,  H4-Q-R). 

s558pa.  H.  *H4AQAR,  to  hough,  hamstring  (horses). 

s558pb.  English  HOUGH,  to  hamstring  (horses). 

s558pn.     On  the  loss  of  radical  -R  from  English  HOUGH,  see  section  vn. 

s563p.  (Root,  H4-R-H*). 

s5G3pa.  H.  *H4ARAH2,  to  make  naked,  lay  bare;  t3an4AR,  razor. 

s563pb.  Gr.  KEIRO*,  to  cut  (the  hair)  ;  to  clip,  shear,  shave. 

s563pn.  For  English  "shear,"  which  etymologists  consider  cognate 
with  Gr.  KEiRo2,  see  entry  s727p. 

English  "hair,"  which  I  have  placed  in  entry  530,  may  belong  here. 
See  again  entry  s727p. 


s565.  (Root,  H«-R-K). 

s565a.  H.  H4ARAK(e),  to  arrange,  put  in  order;  maH4ARAKah*,  row, 
rank,  battle-line. 

s565b.  A.-S.  HRino,  ring,  circle;  L.  CIRCUS,  circle. 

s582.  (Root,  p-G-H4). 

s5S2a.  H.  P2AGAH4,  to  meet,  fall  upon  (in  hostile  encounter). 
s582b.  A.-S.  FEOHtan,  to  fight. 

s582n.  Etymologists  have  not  considered  English  (L.)  peace  cognate 
with  English  fight. 

s582p.  (Root,  p-D-H2). 

s582pa.  H.  P2ADAH2,  to  redeem,  ransom. 

s582pb.  Go.  BOTa,  profit,  advantage;  A.-S.  BOT,  redress,  amends, 
reparation,  boot. 

s582pn.  Etymologists  think  English  ''better"  related  to  A.-S.  BOT; 
but  see  entry  299. 

s602p.  (Root,  P-H«-M). 

s602pa.  H.  P2AH4AM,  footstep;  occurrence,  time;  (dual,)  two  times;  (etc.). 
s602pb.  A.-S.  FAEC,  space,  time,  interval;  German  -FACH, -fold;  ein- 
FACH,  single. 

s607p.  (Root,  P-R-K). 

s607pa.  H.  p2AROKet2,  the  curtain  (before  Athe  Most  Holy  Place) ; 
[(Brown,  Driver,  and  Briggs  cite)]  Assyrian  PARAKU,  to  bar,  shut  off. 

s607pb.  Gr.  PHRASSOZ,  to  fence  in;  diaPHRAGma,  partition-wall,  the 
diaphragm. 

s632p.  (Root,  Z2-L-L). 

s632pa.  H.  .Z«ALAL,  to  sink,  besubmerged;  [(Brown,  Driver,  and  Briggs 
cite)]  Assyrian  SALALU,  to  sink  down,  sink  to  rest. 
s632pb.  A.-S.  STiLLan,  to  become  calm,  quiet,  still. 
s632pn.     There  should  be  a  dot  (.)  under  the  s-  of  the  Assyrian  word. 

s633p.  (Root,  z2-L-H4). 

s633pa.  H.  .z'ALAH4,  to  limp,  halt,  stumble. 
s633pb.  A.-S.  STEALCung,  stalking. 

s654p.  (Root,  Q-v-H2). 

s654pa.  H.  .QAVAH*,  to  hope. 
s654pb.  A.-S.  Hopian,  to  hope. 

s698p.  (Root,  R-D-M). 

s698pa.  H.  *RADAM,  to  sleep. 

s698pb.  L.  DORMio,  to  sleep;  S.  D3R3a2,  to  sleep;  English  DREAM,  a 
sleeping  vision;  A.-S.  DREAM,  pleasure. 

s698pn.  On  the  transposition  of  radical  consonants  in  the  Aryan 
words  here  cited,  see  section  xm.  and  entry  s373p. 


s700p.  (Roo 


s700pa.  H.  *RW(A)HS,  to  smell;  REY(A)HS,  scent,  odor. 
s700pb.  A.-S.  REOcan,  to  steam,  smoke,  reek;  German   RAUCH,  smoke; 
RiECHen,  to  smell  (something);  to  smell  (like  something). 

s705p.  (Root,  R-K-S). 

s705pa.  H.  .RAKAS,  to  bind,  tie. 
s705pb.  A.-S.  RAcente,  chain,  fetter. 

s705pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -s  from  A.-S.  RAcente,  see  section  x. 
and  entries  305,  653,  s!07p.,  s279p.;  s414p.,  s705q.,  s772p. 

s705q.  (Root,  R-K-SS). 

s705qa.  H.  RAKAS»,  to  collect,  gather  (property);  R(E)KWSJ,  wealth, 
riches. 

s705qb.  Go.  RiKan,  to  collect;  REIKS,  powerful,  mighty;  A.-S.  Rice, 
rich;  powerful,  mighty;  RAca,  rake. 

s705qn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -s8  from  the  Aryan  words  here  cited, 
see  section  x.  and  entries  305,  653,  s!07p.,  s279p.,  s414p.,  s705p., 
s772p. 

Etymologists  have  not  considered  English  rich  and  rake  cognate. 

s705r.  (Root,  R-M-H%-Y). 

s705ra.  H.  RAMAH%  to  cast,  throw;  ROMEH"  qes3et2,  archers,  bowmen; 
[(Gesenius  cites,  without  defining,)]  Ar.  RMY,  to  throw;  to  shoot;  to  pro- 
tect, defend.  Ar.  miRMYan,  missile,  dart,  arrow;  RAHMin,  flinger, 
thrower;  shooter,  slinger,  archer. 

s705rb.  G.  aRM,  weapon;  Go.  aRMs,  arm;  A.-S.  eaRM,  arm;  L.  aRMus, 
shoulder-blade,  arm;  aRMa,  armor,  weapons;  S.  i2R3M2a,  arm. 

s713.  (Root,  R-z2-H2). 

s713a.  H.  RAZ'AH*,  to  love,  delight  in,  find  pleasure  in;  RAZ2oun,  appro- 
bation, favor;  pleasure,  wantonness. 

s713b.  Go.  LUSTUS,  desire,  lust;  A.-S.  LUST,  pleasure,  desire,  longing, 
lust. 

s717p.  (Root,  SZ-B-R). 

s717pa.  H.  .S*EBER,  hope. 
s717pb.  L.  SPERO,  to  hope. 

s720p.  (Root,  s»-H3-T). 

s720pa.  H.  ,s»AH3AT,  to  squeeze  out,  press  out  ([the  juice  of]  grapes). 
s720pb.  A.-S.  SWAT,  sweat;  L.  suDor,  sweat;  S.  s2VEDJa,  sweat. 
s720pn.     On  the  forms,  consult  entries  s727p..  s756p.,  s759p. 

s727p.  (Root,  s2-H*-R). 

s727pa.  H.  S2EH4AR.  hair. 

s727pb.  A.-S.  scERan,  to  cut,  shear;  A.-S.  swEORd,  sword. 

s727pn.  I  enter  A.-S.  swEORd  here  in  query.  Etymologists  have 
not  considered  the  word  cognate  with  English  shear.  On  the  form, 
consult  entries  s720p.,  s756p.,  s759p. 


s731p.  (Root,  S'-R-T). 

s731pa.  H.  .S'ARAT,  to  incise;  S'ERET,  incision. 

s731pb.  A.-S.  SLiTan,  to  rend,  slit;  SLITG,  rent,  tear,  slit. 

s754p.  (Root,  ss-H3-D). 

s754pa.  H.  S'OH'AD,  gift,  bribe. 

s754pb.  Go.  SKATTS,  money;  A.-S.  SCEATT,  goods,  money;  tax,  tribute; 
gift,  bribe. 
s754pn.     This  entry  cancels  entry  433,  which  was  made  in  query. 

s756p.  (Root,  S'-H»-R). 

s756pa.  H.  S'AH'AR,  to  be  black;  s3AH3OR,  black  (said  of  the  hair;  of  the 
skin). 

s756pb.  Go.  swARts,  black;  A.-S.  swEARt,  black,  swart,  swarthy. 

s756pn.  Compare  the  forms  of  this  entry  with  those  of  entries  s720p., 
s727p.,  s759p. 

s758p.  (Root,  s3-Y(v)-R). 

s758pa.  H.  .s3YR,  to  sing;  to  declaim,  recite  (with  a  loud  voice). 

s758pb.  Go.  swARan,  to  swear;  A.-S.  swERian,  to  swear;  andswARian 
(-swERian),  to  respond,  answer. 

s758pn.  Note  that  H.  h'anah1  means  both  "to  sing;  to  sing  in  response" 
and  "to  answer." 

s759p.  (Root,  S'-K-B). 

s759pa.  H.  S'AKAB,  to  lie  down;  to  sleep;  to  lie  (with)  (carnally); 
.ss(E)KOBet8,  copulation. 

s759pb.  A.-S.  swEFan,  to  sleep;  English  swive,  to  copulate  with  (a 
woman);  L.  sorio,  to  lull  to  sleep;  S.  S'VAP,  to  sleep. 

s759pn.  Compare  the  forms  of  this  entry  with  those  of  entries  s720p., 
s727p.,  s756p. 

Etymologists  have  not  considered  English  swive  cognate  with  the 
other  Aryan  words' here'cited. 

s759q.  (Root,  S'-K-L). 

s759qa.  H.  .SSAKAL,  to  bereave;  to  make  childless;  to  strip  (a  land) 
of  its  inhabitants,  kill  the  youth  in  battle. 

s759qb.  English  SACK,  to  pillage,  plunder,  devastate,  ravage. 

s759qn.  Etymologists  think  English  SACK  (to  pillage)  the  same  word 
as  English  "sack"  meaning  "bag"  (entry  729). 

s764.  (Root,  s3-L-H3). 

s764a.  H.  s'ALAH3,  to  send;  to  put  forth  (the  hand);  to  give  over. 
s764b.  Go.  SALJan,  to  offer,  bring  (an  offering);  A.-S.  SELLan,  to  give; 
to  give  over,  hand  over,  deliver;  to  sell. 

s766.  (Root,  S»-L-K). 

s766a.  H.  *s»ALAK(e),  to  throw,  fling,  cast. 
s766b.  Icelandic  SLYnova,  to  throw,  fling,  sling. 


s772p.  (Root,  S*-M-S»). 

s772pa.  H.  S'EMES',  the  sun. 

s772pb.  G.  SOLUS,  light;  the  moon;  Go.  SUNNO,  the  sun;  A.-S.  SUNNC, 
the  sun;  L.  SOL,  the  sun;  S.  s2u2N6u,  the  sun. 

s772pn.  On  the  loss  of  radical  -s«  from  all  the  Aryan  words  here  cited 
(except  G.  SOLUS),  see  section  x.  and  entries  305,  653,  s!07p., 
s279p.,  s414p.,  s705p.,  s705q. 

s775p.  (Root,  S«-H<-L). 

s775pa.  H.  .S»OH«AL,  the  hollow  hand;  handful. 

s775pb.  English  SKULL  (named  from  its  bowl-like  shape)  [(Skeat)], 
cranium. 

s794p.  (Root,  TJ-V-K). 

s794pa.  H.  T»AVEK(e),  middle,  midst;  B2(e)T*ouK(e),  among. 
s794pb.   A.-S.  BCTWEOH  (BCTWEOHS,  BCTWUH,  BCTUH),  among. 


POSTSCRIPT 

The  present  work  is  primarily  intended  to  supplement  my  large  work,  entitled 
''Discoveries  in  Hebrew,  Gaelic,  Gothic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Latin,  Basque,  and  other 
Caucasic  Languages,"  and  as  such  will  not  be  sold  by  itself;  but,  being  also  intended 
to  illustrate  in  part  the  nature  of  the  larger  work,  will  for  the  present  be  sent  gratis 
to  scholars  whether  in  the  Aryan  or  in  the  Semitic  field.* 

It  has  seemed  incredible  to  some  that  Gaelic  and  Anglo-Saxon  can  be  more  closely 
akin  to  Semitic  tongues  than  are  languages  which  are  geographically  much  less 
remote  from  Semitic  seats.  It  should,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  home 
of  the  Gael  is  an  outskirt  of  Europe,  little  disturbed  in  earlier  times  by  foreign 
invasion.  Thus,  the  tides  of  Scythian  invasion  from  Asia  seem  scarcely  to  have 
reached  the  remote  and  sea-girt  Gael;  for  Gaelic  speech  shows  little  or  no  trace  of 
Scythian  influence.  Again,  the  home  of  the  Saxons,  Angles,  and  Jutes,  before 
their  migration  to  Britain,  was  the  Cimbric  Chersonese,  well  protected  but  some- 
what less  so  than  the  island  home  of  the  Gael;  and,  though  various  trace's  of  Scythian 
structure  are  visible  in  Anglo-Saxon  (see  section  xv.),  the  fundamental  stratum  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  dialects  remained  Semiticf. 

On  the  other  hand,  upper  Scandinavia  and  much  of  the  territory  between  that 
region  and  therBosporus  have  been  wholly  lost  to  Aryan  speech;  and  the  neighboring 
peoples  on  either  side  have  experienced  great  linguistic  changes  due  to  contact 
and  admixture  with  the  Scythian  (see  section  xv.).  Furthermore,  archaeology 
(and  written  history)  show  central  and  southern  Europe  to  have  been  the  scenes 
of  perpetual  conflict  between  the  earlier  occupant  and  his  Asiatic  visitors.  A  land 
thus  long  subject  to  the  influx  of  foreigners  and  to  their  devastating  wars  cannot, 
I  assume,  have  preserved  its  original  speech  from  utter  mutilation. 

From  such  considerations  as  well  as  from  philological  observation,  I  think  it  con- 
jecturable  that  the  first  invaders  of  Europe  were  Semitic  (the  Gael,  say,  forming  the 
van,  followed  by 'the  Teuton);  but,  be  that  as  it  may,  I  actually  find  Gaelic  and 
Anglo-Saxon  (and  Gothic)  still  strongly  Semitic,  very' much  more  so,  indeed,  than 
any  other  of  the  Aryan  tongues  (see  section  xv.). 

In  reading  the  proofs  of  this  supplement  I  have  received  very  acceptable  assist- 
ance from  the  Rev.  William  Byrd  Ray,  of  Westminster  College,  and  from  my 
cousin,  Miss  Serada  Logan.  My  esteemed  friend  as  well  as  genial  and  efficient 
colleague  of  former  time,  Professor  John  Burke,  M.  A.,  has  likewise  rendered  me 
valued  assistance. 

D. 

DENVER,  4  July  1910. 

*  It  is  scarcely  possible  in  such  a  large  matter  to  make  one's  mailing  list  actually 
or  even  nearly  complete.  Wherefore,  interested  scholars  desiring  a  copy  of  this 
brochure  and  not  receiving  one  in  due  time  are  hereby  cordially  invited  to  send  me 
their  names  and  addresses. 

t  Of  these  two  examples  of  linguistic  stability  in  outlying  insular  and  peninsular 
positions,  note  almost  exact  parallels  in  Iceland  and  Cornwall. 


Discoveries  in  Hebrew,  Gaelic,  Gothic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Latin,  Basque,  and  other 
Caucasic  Languages,  showing  fundamental  kinship  of  the  Aryan  tongues  and  of 
Basque  with  the  Semitic  tongues.  By  Allison  Emery  Drake,  Sc.  M.;  M.  D.,  Ph.  D., 
sometime  university  fellow  in  Anglo-Saxon  in  Columbia  University;  etc.  Three- 
quarters  morocco;  red  edges;  9x6  inches;  vi  +  402  pages.  With  a  supplement. 
$6.30  net  (25s.),  post-paid.  Denver:  The  Herrick  Book  and  Stationery  Co.; 
London:  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Truebner  &  Co.,  Ltd. 


"An  Epoch-Making  Book.  .  .  .  The  author  takes  up  once  more  the  old 
question  as  to  the  possible  relationship  between  Semitic  and  Aryan,  with  the 
express  object  of  'showing  fundamental  kinship  of  the  Aryan  tongues  and  of  Basque 
with  the  Semitic  tongues.'  The  net  result,  however,  is  not  so  much  that  there  is  a 
cognate  relationship  between  them,  as  to  show,  for  all  practical  purposes,  that  the 
Hebrew  is  really  the  original  whence  a  great  part  of  the  Aryan  languages  was 
borrowed  [(borrowed?)].  This  is  more  clearly  expressed  in  the  postscript,  where 
it  is  said  that  especial  attention  should  be  paid  to  'Gaelic,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Gothic,' 
because  'these  languages  have  changed  least  of  the  Aryan  tongues  since  separating 
from  ancestral  Semitic.'  The  book  contains,  in  fact,  a  list  of  803  Hebrew  roots; 
and  a  good  idea  as  to  the  relative  values  of  the  various  Aryan  tongues  can  be  ob- 
tained from  the  results.  It  appears  that  of  all  these  the  most  valuable  is  Anglo- 
Saxon,  which  exhibits  nearly  600  derivatives;  next  comes  Gaelic,  with  over  450; 
next  Gothic,  with  about  425  (only  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  remains  of 
Gothic  are  but  scanty,  or  it  would  loom  more  largely);  next  Latin  and  Basque;  and 
lastly  Greek  and  Sanskrit.  The  Sanskrit  derivatives  are  only  173,  showing  that 
it  is  the  poorest  and  most  corrupt  of  the  whole  set;  in  opposition  to  the  preconceived 
notions  of  many. 

"The  arrangement  of  the  work  is  admirable.  The  system  of  transliteration 
adopted  ...  is  very  simple  and  precise.  .  .  .  It  is  perfectly  easy  to  refer 
from  these  [transliterated  forms]  to  Gesenius's  Dictionary. 

"Space  fails  us  to  give  even  a  slight  indication  of  the  vast  number  of  wholly 
new  results  given  in  this  remarkable  work.  .  .  . 

"We  regret  that  want  of  space  forbids  us  from  doing  justice  to  this  great  work. 
The  author's  methods  are  so  clear  and  explicit  that  no  moderate  opinion 
is  possible." — PROFESSOR  WALTER  W.  SKEAT  in  The  Academy  (London,  11  April 
1908). 

"Being  exceedingly  busy  just  now  I  am  unable  to  give  the  book  the  careful  ex- 
amination which  its  importance  deserves.  I  have,  however,  read  enough  to  discover 
its  main  thesis  and  method.  The  latter,  although  revolutionary,  is  very  scholarly 
and  thorough." — PROFESSOR  JOHN  HOWARD  RAVEN,  Theological  Seminary,  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J. 

"An  original  and  independent  mind  is  often  needed  to  lift  scholars  out  of  the 
ruts  and  Dr.  Drake  is  certainly  original  and  courageous." — PROFESSOR  JOHN  R. 
SAMPEY  in  The  Review  and  Expositor  (Louisville,  July  1910). 

"No  student  in  this  field  can  afford  to  neglect  Dr.  Drake's  treatise.  It  must  be 
dealt  with  and  its  positions  must  be  overthrown  if  the  view  that  has  held  sway 
in  recent  years  is  to  be  maintained." — [REV.  M.  H.  VALENTINE  (EDITOR)  in]  The 
Lutheran  Observer  (Philadelphia,  14  August  1908). 

"It  will  require  a  jury  of  philologists  to  render  the  verdict.  Should  the  argu- 
ment of  Dr.  Drake  prevail,  the  proofs  of  the  truth  of  the  Bible  are  reinforced." — 
The  Christian  Advocate  (New  York,  30  July  1908). 

"In  his  'Postscript'  the  author  says,  'Hitherto," attempts  to  demonstrate  funda- 
mental kinship  of  the  Aryan  with  the  Semitic  tongues  have  been  many  but  have 
served  only  to  cause  scholars  to  suspect  those  two  linguistic  families  to  be  wholly 
unrelated.  .  .  .  Consequently,  I  am  prepared  to  see  this  work  prejudged 
adversely  by  many  fair-minded  critics.  I  am,  however,  persuaded  that  the  evi- 
dences of  kinship  which  are  herein  contained  are  of  such  telling  character  and  are 
so  numerous  that  pertinent  and  rational  skepticism  will  not  long  survive  a  careful 
examination  of  them.'  This  is  a  fair  statement  of  the  case,  and  the  outcome  should 


be  as  indicated;  but  the  exactions  of  their  occupations  often  lead  men  who  . 
supposedly  fair-minded  to  base  their  judgments,  not  on  the  actual  merits  o 
work  but  on  the  place  of  its  inception.  If  it  comes  from  Germany  or  from  so 
great  institution  of  learning,  well  and  good.  If  not,  even  a  deserving  book  is  i 
to  be  dismissed  with  scant  courtesy.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  fairer  method  may 
used  with  this  particular  volume,  which,  though  avowedly  written  with  no  reg* 
for  any  religious  belief  or  scientific  theory,  yet  necessarily  affects  many  questic 
of  biblical  exegesis  and  furnishes  important  evidence  of  the  fundamental  accurg 
of  the  Bible  story." — PROFESSOR  HERBERT  WILLIAM  MAGOUN  in  The  Biblioth 
Sacra  (Oberlin,  April  1909). 

"In  addition  to  all  else  the  book  is  an  admirable  and  beautiful  specimen  of  pri 
er's  and  binder's  work." — The  Advance  (Chicago,  30  January  1908). 


THE  [TRIPLE]  AUTHORSHIP  OF  THE  WEST  SAXON  GOSPELS  [A  D 
COVERY].  By  Allison  Emery  Drake,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  University  Fellow  in  Ang 
Saxon  in  Columbia  College.  Paper,  8vo,  45  pages,  $1.00.  New  York,  1894. 

Eugen  Einenkel  in  "Anglia;  Beiblatt"  (September  1894):       "      .      .     . 

"Der  verf.  findet  demgemaess,  dass  Markus  und  Lucas  von  einem  anderen  ueb 
setzer  herruehrt  als  Johannes  und  dieser  (vielleicht)  von  wieder  einem  anderen 
Matthaeus.     Der  dialekt  der  letzteren  beiden  ist  beinahe  derselbe.     Weit  abse 
stehen  und  nach  norden  weisen  Markus  und  Lucas,  deren  wortschatz  und  synor 
mik  nicht  wenig  an  die  nordhumbr.  uebersetzung  erinnert. 

"Der  verf.  weiss  sein  kriterium  mit  umsicht  und  fleiss  zu  verwenden,  und  es 
ihm  zweifellos  gelungen  zu  beweisen,  dass  die  westsaechs.  evangelien  von  mehr 
einem  uebersetzer  verfasst  sind." 

O.  Brenner  in  "Englische  Studien"  (XX.):  "Auf  sehr  praktische  weise  ze 
Drake,  dass  in  einer  anzahl  von  eigenthuemlichkeiten,  beidenen  der  zufall  aus; 
schlossen  ist,  die  uebersetzung  des  Matthaeus  und  Johannes  parallel  gehen,  Marc 
und  Lucas  sich  gemeinschaftlich  von  beiden  unterscheiden,  so  im  gebrauch  und  ( 
declination  von  heofon  (schwach  nur  bei  Matth.),  underfon  und  on/on  (erstei 
nie  bei  Marc.  Luc.),  umschreibung  des  finalen  conjunctives  durch  willan  (nie  1 
Marc.  Luc.,  vereinzelt  bei  Matth. ,haeufig  im  Joh.),  thaera  und  thara  (erstei 
vorherrschend  bei  Matth.,  letzteres  fast  ausschliesslich  bei  Marc.  Luc.,  gemisc 
bei  Joh.),  witodlice=-autem  (nur  je  einmal  bei  Marc.  Luc.,  regel  bei  Matth.  und  Joh 
hana  und  cocc  (ersteres  bei  Marc.  Luc.,  letzteres  bei*denrandern  beiden),  u.  s.  w. 
Ausdruecklich  versichert  Drake  zum  schluss,  dass  erscheinungen,  die  irgendwie 
einer  anderen  gruppirung  z  waengen,  den 'von  ih  m  auf  gef  uehrten  nicht  entgegensteh* 
Das  resultat  scheint  so  weit  gesichert:  Marcus  und  Lucas  sind  vom  gleichen  ueb< 
setzer,  Matth.  und  Joh.  wenigstens  am  gleichen  orte  geschrieben,  wenn  auch  nie 
vom  gleichen  uebersetzer,  jedenfallsan  einem  anderen  orte  und  von  einem  ander 
uebersetzer  als  die  ersten  beiden.  Einige,  nicht  zufaelHge  verwandschaft  beste 
dagegen  zwischen  Marc.  Luc.  einerseits  und  der  northumbr.  uebersetzung  anden 
seits.  Sehr  beachtenswerth  sind  Drake's  ausfuehrungenueber  den  zufall  bei  ueb< 
einstimmungen  verschiedener  hss.  und  verwandte  fragen  (s.  18  ff.).  Ausser  d 
evangelisten  sind  auch  Aelfred  und  Aelfric  beruecksichtigt." 


DENVER:  THE  HERRICK  BOOK  AND  STATIONERY  COMPANY 
LONDON:  KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRTJEBNER  &  COMPANY,  LTD. 


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